Threatened by the possibility of revolutions in their own lands, the governments of many Western nations viewed Communism as a spreading threat and moved to isolate the Soviet Union as much as possible. As this Cold War got under way, the two countries emerged as superpowers with much of the rest of the world falling in behind one or the other. SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook. Summary Overview. Popular pages: The Russian Revolution — Take a Study Break. The other half of the seats are chosen in individual constituencies, where independent candidates or those from small parties such as the liberal Yabloko may have stronger chances.
But it showed potency in its inaugural use in when opposition candidates won 20 of 45 seats in the Moscow city council, and a year later when United Russia lost its majorities in the councils of three large cities. The service remains available through apps, but Russia has threatened fines against Apple and Google to remove the apps from their online stores. The Foreign Ministry last week summoned U. Russian authorities also blocked some 50 websites run by his team or supporters for allegedly disseminating extremist propaganda.
In August, Russia added the independent vote-monitoring group Golos to its list of foreign agents, a move that does not block its work but strongly suggests it should be regarded with suspicion.
The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, whose election-monitoring missions are widely regarded as authoritative, did not send observers for the parliament vote, saying that Russia imposed excessive restrictions.
In addition to the Duma election, nine Russian regions will be choosing governors, 39 regions will be choosing legislatures and voters in 11 cities will be choosing city councils. The Elections Commission ordered voting expanded to three days, concluding on Sunday, to reduce crowding at the polls amid the coronavirus pandemic.
The moderates regarded the program as a basis for behind-the-scenes bargaining with the government, but the Cadets managed to publish it on 7 September as a declaration of the Bloc. Serious changes were made in the government in the autumn of At the end of November , a decision to oppose the Progressive Bloc was reached at meetings of representatives of the rightist parties in Petrograd and Nizhnii Novgorod, though the meetings did not lead to any kind of strengthening of the rightist parties, which were beset by organizational and ideological crisis.
With the dissolution of the Duma, the initiative passed once again to the public organizations. The elections were annulled and were carried out again only two months later. Even the Mensheviks were not prepared to be an obedient tool in the hands of the bourgeoisie. By the beginning of , Khvostov came to a compromise with the Progressive Bloc, relying on the moderate nature of his demands. On 2 February , Premier Ivan Logginovich Goremykin , who had opposed the convening of the Duma, was dismissed.
In response, the Bloc did not give up on its demands, but could not see through its program because of internal divisions. The national question was removed from the agenda. The internationalists tried to organize anti-war propaganda within Russia, but this was hampered by wartime censorship and the arrest of Bolshevik deputies. From 5 to 8 September , the internationalists gathered at a conference in the Swiss village of Zimmerwald. The radicals formed the " Zimmerwald Left.
The aggravation of the domestic crisis, above all, problems with food, in the autumn of pushed the authorities to reach a new compromise with the opposition. Saving the situation, Miliukov accused the government of treason. Information was coming via European newspapers — rumors of a separate peace often appeared in the press in He also introduced the deputies to the convention Russia had signed with the allies in , under which it would receive Constantinople and the Straits upon victory.
At that point, relations with the authorities were extremely confused, even among the rightists. There ARE no authorities …. On 30 December , the murder of Grigorii Efimovich Rasputin , who was accused of having a dangerous influence on the emperor, was planned with the participation of Purishkevich. At the same time a group comprising Guchkov, the Progressive Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov , the Cadet Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov , the Trudovik Kerenskii and the industrialist Mikhail Ivanovich Tereshchenko , was formed to plan a palace coup.
The Grand Duke, however, refused, saying that the army would not support a coup. The Duma resumed activity on 27 February The next day the session was suspended until April. Kerenskii and Chkheidze were connected to small-scale SR, Menshevik and Bolshevik organizations that took an active part in agitation among the workers and soldiers of the Petrograd garrison. Regardless of all the talk, the socialist leaders did not have serious hopes for success.
On 12 March , however, the revolution in Petrograd was won. Political freedoms were announced. The Revolution led to the resurgence of the left as a whole, from the Cadets to the Bolsheviks. The centrist and rightist parties, on the other hand, practically ceased to exist. The houses were officially dispersed on 19 October prior to the convening of the Constituent Assembly.
The Zemgor, TsVPK, bourgeoisie and Cadets supported the Provisional Government, with the Cadets forming part of the government and taking part in formulating the government program.
By August , the membership of the Cadet Party exceeded that in around 70, members , but the Cadets were unable to become the ruling political elite, having failed to create cells within the state apparatus, industry or army, as the socialists had actively been doing.
The Cadets supported General Lavr Georgievich Kornilov , and the party was severely damaged after the collapse of his authority. At this time the significance of the socialists increased, with their leaders returning from emigration and exile. In the autumn, the membership of the SRs reached 1,,, the Mensheviks, ,, and the Bolsheviks , The Bolsheviks were the only significant force that had not supported the government. In the August elections to the Petrograd City Duma the SRs obtained 37 percent of the vote, the Bolsheviks 33 percent, and the Cadets almost 22 percent.
Elections to the Constituent Assembly were universal, equal, direct, and conducted by secret ballot, and were the first attempt to do this on a nationwide basis in world history. The elections were held according to a proportional, multiple-mandate system lists being compiled separately for each electoral district. In the course of the elections in November , the SRs received However, in November, the Left SR party had already been formed; its members were represented in the coalition Soviet government.
Russian parties, not only the radical ones, were considerably more active under revolutionary conditions than in periods of relative calm.
0コメント